Alphabetical+List+of+Keywords

= = toc =A=

>  Anesthetics-Gases and Vapors >
 * abdominal aneurysm resection: anesthetic management
 * Abdominal compartment syndrome
 * ablations, cryotherapy, Maze procedure
 * acquired neuromyotonia
 * acromegaly, including airway management
 * action potential; characteristics, ion flux
 * acute and chronic neck and low back pain
 * Acute Pain
 * Acute postoperative and posttraumatic pain
 * Acyanotic Defects
 * Addiction
 * Addison's disease
 * Adrenal Disease
 * adverse reactions to premedications; patient variability, dose response curves, side effects
 * aerobic and anaerobic utilization; chemical processes, enzymes
 * afferent pathways: neurons, dorsal horn, CNS pathways
 * agonists: cholinergic and anticholinesterases
 * agonists: peripheral and central actions, direct and indirect actions, alpha vs. beta vs. mixed agonists, alpha and beta-receptor subtype-selective agonists
 * air embolism
 * airway differences, infant vs. adult
 * Airway Management
 * Alarms and Safety Features: Operating Room, Electrical, Anesthesia Machine, Ventilators, Capnometer, Oxygen, Hemodynamic monitors
 * alpha-2 agonists: clonidine, dexmedetomidine
 * alteration of gastric fluid volume and pH, sphincter tone
 * Altered Uptake/Distribution of IV and Inhalation Anesthetics
 * alternative and herbal medicines: perioperative implications
 * alternatives and adjuncts: laryngeal mask airway (traditional and modified), esophageal obturator airways, occlusive pharyngeal airways
 * alternatives to transfusion: hemodilution, sequestration, autotransfusion, blood substitutes, erythropoietin
 * Ambulatory Surgery
 * American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines for Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation
 * American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Preoperative Testing Guidelines
 * Amniotic Fluid (Amniocentesis, Oligohydramnios, Polyhydramnios)
 * Anaphylaxis
 * anemias; compensatory mechanisms
 * Anemias: Congenital and Acquired: Iron deficiency, physiologic anemia, Sickle Cell, Thalassemia, etc.
 *  Anesthesia & Cardiovascular Response
 *  anesthetic and ventilatory effects on cerebral blood flow and metabolism
 * aneurysms and A-V malformations, cerebral vasospasm
 * aneurysms of ascending, descending and arch of aorta, thoracoabdominal aneurysms, including endovascular repair techniques
 * Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Blockers
 * antagonists: alpha and beta blockers, selective blockers, ganglionic blockers
 * Antepartum Fetal Assessment and Therapy (Ultrasonography, FHR Monitoring, nonstress test, stress test, biophysical profile)
 * antepartum hemorrhage (placenta previa, abruptio placenta, uterine rupture)
 * Antianginal Drugs
 * Antiarrhythmics
 * antibiotics: antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic; antimicrobial resistance
 * Anticoagulants, Antithrombotics, and Anti-platelet Drugs
 * anticoagulation and antagonism; Activated Clotting Time (ACT) and other clotting times, heparin assays, antithrombin III, protamine reactions, heparin and protamine alternatives
 * anticonvulsants: phenytoin, carbamazepine, gabapentin, barbiturates, others
 * antidepressants, anti-parkinson drugs
 * antiemetics and aspiration prophylaxis: phenothiazines; butyrophenones; metoclopramide; anticholinergics; serotonin antagonists, antihistamines (H1 blockers, H2 blockers, mixed blockers), antacids, proton pump inhibitors
 * antiseizure drugs; interactions (magnesium sulfate)
 * Apgar scoring
 * apneic oxygenation, diffusion hypoxia
 * Apparatus: Breathing Circuits (advantages/disadvantages, dead space, etc.), Humidity, Thermal Control
 * arousal agents: physostigmine, benzodiazepine antagonists
 * Arterial Blood Pressure Measurement
 * ASA monitoring standards
 * ASA Physical Status classification
 * Aspiration of Gastric Contents
 * aspiration of gastric contents
 * assessment/identification of difficult airway: anatomic correlates, Mallampati classification, range of motion
 * autoimmune disorders (lupus, antiphospholipid syndrome)
 * Automated Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillator (AICD) implantation
 * autonomic contributions to pain; visceral pain perception and transmission
 * Autonomic Drugs
 * Autonomic Nervous System
 * autonomic: stellate, celiac, lumbar sympathetic
 * autoregulation: normal, altered, and abolished
 * Awareness Under GA

= = =B=


 * Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
 * Barbiturates
 * baroreceptor function
 * barrier function
 * Basic Computer Knowledge: Programs vs. Operating System, Computer Virus, Disk Or Central Processing Unit (CPU) Failure, Amplifiers, Microprocessors
 * Benzodiazepines
 * Biotransformation and Excretion
 * Biotransformation and Toxicity
 * blood components, volume expanders
 * blood filters and pumps
 * Blood Flow, Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
 * blood gas transport
 * Blood Gases: Electrodes for pH, PO2, PCO2, Calibration, Temperature Corrections, Errors
 * blood preservation, storage
 * Blood Pressure
 * blood supply
 * blood supply of other major organs
 * blood volume and distribution
 * Blood Warmers, Autotransfusion Devices
 * blood-brain barrier, active and passive molecular transport across, causes of disruption
 * body temperature measurement; sites; gradients
 * Body Warming Devices: Forced Air, Heating Lamps, Insulation Devices, Warming Blankets, Water-Flow “Second Skin” Devices
 * Brain and Spinal Cord Function: Electroencephalogram (EEG) (Raw and Processed), Depth of Anesthesia Monitors (Bispectral, Other), Evoked Potentials, Wake-Up Test, Intracranial Pressure (ICP), Jugular Venous Oxygen Saturation, Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Cerebral Oximetry), Transcranial Doppler
 * brain stem
 * brain volume, elastance and compliance
 * bronchial and pulmonary circulations
 * Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
 * Bronchospasm
 * Burns
 * butyrylcholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) deficiency

=C=


 * Cancer-related Pain
 * capillary diffusion; osmotic pressure, Starling’s Law
 * carbohydrates
 * Carcinoid Syndrome
 * Cardiac Cycle
 * cardiac output: determinants and regulation
 * Cardiac Output: Fick, Dye Dilution, Thermodilution, Doppler, Impedance, Pulse Wave Analysis
 * cardiac surgery; corrective and palliative
 * Cardiac Tamponade and Constrictive Pericarditis
 * cardiac transplantation
 * cardiogenic shock
 * cardiopulmonary bypass- anesthetic implications and considerations
 * Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
 * Cardiovascular (Aorto-Caval Compression, Regulation of Uterine Blood Flow)
 * Cardiovascular Consequences of General and Regional Anesthesia: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Postoperative Hypertension and Hypotension
 * carotid and aortic bodies, carotid sinus
 * carotid endarterectomy: anesthetic management, monitoring of cerebral perfusion, complications
 * catheter sepsis
 * causes; paralytic ileus; mechanical; vascular
 * central and peripheral chemoreceptors; proprioceptive receptors; respiratory muscles and reflexes; innervation
 * central: vasomotor center, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
 * cerebellum, basal ganglia, major nuclei and pathways
 * cerebral blood flow
 * cerebral circulation; circle of Willis, venous sinuses and drainage
 * cerebral circulation; luxury perfusion, steals, infarcts, intracranial hemorrhage
 * cerebral cortex; functional organization
 * cerebral protection from hypoxia, ischemia, glucose effects
 * cerebrospinal fluid
 * Cesarean Delivery: Indications, Urgent/Emergent, Anesthetic Techniques and Complications, Difficult Airway, Aspiration Prophylaxis
 * Channelopathies
 * Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
 * Childhood obesity
 * chronic abnormalities: etiology, diagnosis, therapy
 * chronic congenital heart disease, corrected, uncorrected, and palliated
 * Chronic Environmental Exposure; Fertility, Teratogenicity, Carcinogenicity, Scavenging
 * chronic opioid dependence and therapy
 * Chronic Pain (Non-Cancer-Related)
 * Chronic Pain States
 * Circle systems: closed and semi-closed; adult; pediatric
 * Circuit Principles
 * circulatory and metabolic manifestations
 * Circulatory Assist
 * citrate intoxication
 * clotting disorders
 * CNS : seizures, cauda equina syndrome, transient neurological symptoms
 * CNS Drugs for Non-Anesthetic Use (Major Actions, Comparison of Drugs; Effect on Respiration; Circulation, Adverse Effects)
 * CO2 absorption: principles, canisters, efficiency
 * CO2 Analyzers
 * CO2 and O2 response curves
 * CO2 transport; blood CO2 content; carbonic anhydrase; CO2 dissociation curve; Bohr effect, Haldane effect
 * Coagulation Monitors
 * coma: traumatic, infectious, toxic-metabolic, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebral hypoxia
 * Compartment Syndrome
 * Computer: Data Handling, Processing, and Analysis
 * Concentration Effect
 * congenital and acquired factor deficiencies
 * Congenital Heart and Major Vascular Disease
 * congenital myasthenic syndromes
 * considerations during bypass
 * continuation vs. discontinuation of chronic medications: antihypertensives, anti-anginal, antihyperglycemics, antidepressants, platelet inhibitors, etc.
 * Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) and Positive End-expiratory Pressure (PEEP); Nasal CPAP
 * continuous spinal and epidural analgesia
 * Controlled Hypotension; Choice of Drugs, Use of Posture, Ventilation
 * Controlled Hypothermia; Techniques, Systemic Effects, Shivering, Rewarming, Complications
 * cooling and warming, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest
 * cord prolapse
 * coronary artery bypass procedures; cardiopulmonary bypass; off-pump techniques
 * Coronary Circulation
 * Costs of Medical/Anesthesia Care, Operating Room Management
 * cranial nerves
 * criteria for ventilatory commitment and weaning
 * Critical Temperature, Critical Pressure
 * Cushing's syndrome
 * Cyanotic Defects
 * cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)
 * Cystic Fibrosis

=D=


 * Defibrillators: Automatic Internal, External, Implantable; Energy, Cardioversion, Types of Waveforms (Monophasic, Biphasic); Paddle Size and Position; Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs)
 * definition and functional classification, perioperative diagnosis and treatment
 * definition, pulmonary diffusion capacity
 * definitions; methods of measurement; normal values; time constants
 * Definition of Medical Error, Adverse Event, Sentinel Event
 * Deliberate Hypotension
 * demyelinating diseases
 * depth of anesthesia; burst suppression, electrical silence, specific anesthetic and drug effects
 * Design/Ergonomics of Anesthesia Machines
 * determinants of myocardial oxygen requirements and delivery, silent ischemia, postoperative ischemia
 * development, anatomy, surfactant
 * Developmental Delay, Cerebral Palsy, Autism
 * devices: flexible fiberoptic, rigid fiberoptic, transillumination, laryngoscope blades, alternative intubating devices
 * diabetes insipidus
 * Diabetes Mellitus
 * dialysis and hemofiltration: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, continuous
 * Diaphragmatic Hernia
 * differences between infant and adult
 * differential diagnosis and treatment
 * Diffusion of Gases
 * Digitalis; Actions and Toxicity
 * Discharge criteria and postoperative follow-up, including continuous nerve blocks
 * Disclosure of Errors to Patients
 * diseases of blood
 * disseminated intravascular coagulation
 * distribution of perfusion, zones, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
 * distribution of ventilation
 * Diuretics
 * divisions and bronchoscopic anatomy
 * dorsal horn transmission and modulation
 * Drug Delivery Devices: Patient-Controlled Intravenous and Epidural Analgesia, Epidural and Subarachnoid Continuous Drug Delivery Devices
 * drug effects on newborn
 * Drug Excretion
 * Drug Interactions (Antibiotics, Antiepileptics, Lithium, Magnesium, Inhalational Anesthetics)
 * Drug Interactions: Enzyme Induction and Inhibition, Hepatic Blood Flow, Drug-Drug Binding
 * drug intoxication (CNS drugs, carbon monoxide, insecticides, nerve gases)
 * Drug Reactions (Anaphylactoid, Anaphylaxis, Idiosyncratic)
 * Drug toxicities preferentially occurring in children: e.g., propofol
 * drug treatment, interactions with anesthetics, risk of anesthesia
 * drugs: opioids, agonist-antagonists, local anesthetics, alpha-2 agonists, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockers
 * dual blood supply and its regulation
 * dystocia, malposition, and malpresentation (breech, transverse lie)

=E=


 * echocardiographic heart anatomy: chambers, valves, great vessels, pericardium, basic transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) views
 * Echocardiography: Technical Aspects, Complications
 * ectopic pregnancy
 * effect of drugs/anesthesia on temperature regulation
 * effect of perfusion pressure, pH, PaCO2, PaO2, and cerebral metabolic rate for O2 (CMRO2); inverse steal; gray vs. white matter
 * elective anesthesia - perioperative management
 * Electrical; Fire and Explosion Hazards; Basic Electronics
 * Electroconvulsive Therapy
 * electroencephalography (EEG)
 * electrolyte and acid base abnormalities
 * Electrolytes (Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Calcium): Cardiovascular Effects
 * electrophysiology; ion channels and currents
 * elimination; biotransformation; context-sensitive half-time
 * embolic disorders (amniotic fluid embolism, pulmonary thromboembolism)
 * Emergencies in the Newborn
 * emergency anesthesia - hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis
 * endobronchial intubation: double-lumen endobronchial tubes; bronchial blockers (integral to endotracheal tube or separate), placement and positioning considerations, postoperative considerations
 * endocrine (thyroid, diabetes, pheochromocytoma)
 * Endocrine diseases: childhood diabetes, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, etc.
 * Endotracheal tube selection (cuffed vs. uncuffed) and sizing
 * endotracheal tube types: tube material (polyvinyl chloride, silicone, laser-resistant, silver impregnated, other), tube tip design (Murphy Eyes, flexible tip, moveable tip, short-bevel), cuff design (high vs. low volume/pressure, cuffed vs uncuffed, cuff shape), cuff pressure management (Lanz valves, active management, pilot balloon, inflation valve), specific tube types (wire-reinforced, nasal and oral RAE®, microlaryngeal, supraglottic secretion suctioning, other)
 * enteral: GI elemental diets, routes of delivery, complications, anesthetic implications
 * Epiglottitis
 * Ethics, Advance Directives/Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders; Patient Privacy Issues, e.g., Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
 * Etomidate
 * Evaluation of the Patient and Preoperative Preparation
 * evaluation: history and physical examination, chest X-ray, arterial blood gases (ABGs), pulmonary function tests (PFTs); assessment of perioperative risk
 * evoked potentials
 * evoked responses
 * Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
 * extremities: brachial plexus (interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, axillary), ulnar, radial, median, musculocutaneous, sciatic, femoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, obturator, lumbar plexus (psoas block), popliteal fossa, ankle block
 * eyes: corneal abrasions, blindness

=F=


 * Fetal Hemoglobin
 * fever and infection
 * fibrinolysis
 * Flow Velocity
 * Flowmeters: Rotameter
 * fluid management: hypertonic vs isotonic saline vs. balanced salt solutions
 * Fluid Therapy and Blood Replacement, Physiologic Anemia, Glucose Requirements
 * force, velocity, length, rate of shortening
 * formation, volume, composition, flow and pressure
 * Frank-Starling law; preload and afterload, intracardiac pressures

=G=


 * ganglia, rami communicantes, sympathetic chain
 * ganglionic transmission
 * Gas Concentrations: Infrared Absorption, Mass Spectrometry, Raman Scatter Analysis
 * Gas Concentrations: O2, CO2, Nitrogen, Anesthetic Gases and Vapors
 * Gas Laws
 * Gastroesophageal reflux disease and hiatus hernia; gastroesophageal sphincter
 * Gastrointestinal (Gastric Acid, Motility, Anatomic Position, Gastroesophageal Sphincter Function)
 * Gastrointestinal hemorrhage: upper and lower
 * gender and age differences in pain perception
 * general and universal precautions
 * General and Urologic Surgery: Laparotomy vs laparoscopy, bowel surgery, urologic surgery (Wilms Tumor, ureteral reimplantation, bladder and urethral malformations, neuroblastoma)
 * General Topics: Premedication, Patient Position, Equipment, Monitoring and Sedation
 * genetic factors in drug dose-response relationships
 * Geriatric Anesthesia
 * gestational trophoblastic disease (hydatid mole)
 * GI dysfunction: malabsorption, diarrhea, vomiting, ileus
 * Glasgow Coma Scale, management of traumatic brain injury
 * Grounding, Isolation Transformers
 * Guillain-Barre Syndrome

=H=


 * head and neck: retrobulbar/peribulbar, facial, trigeminal nerve and branches, cervical plexus, glossopharyngeal, superior laryngeal, transtracheal, occipital
 * heart conduction system; innervation
 * heart disease (valvular disorders, pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy)
 * Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy (Ischemic, Viral, Hypertrophic)
 * Heart Function: Heart Tones, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Echocardiography, Doppler, Cardiac Output
 * heat loss; mechanisms
 * heat production and conservation
 * hematologic (sickle cell anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, von Willebrand disease, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), anticoagulant therapy, Rh and ABO incompatibility)
 * Hematologic Disorders
 * Hematology (Blood Volume, Plasma Proteins, Coagulation)
 * hemoglobinopathies, porphyrias
 * hemolytic: acute and delayed
 * Hepatic Disease
 * Hepatic Function
 * hepatic transplantation
 * High Altitude Anesthesia
 * Hormonal Regulation of Extracellular Fluid
 * Hormonal Regulation of Osmolality
 * human immunodeficiency virus infection
 * Hydrostatic Pressure
 * hypothyroidism
 * Hyperbaric Oxygen and Anesthesia Care
 * hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, paramyotonia congenita, postassium-aggravated myotonia
 * hyperosmolar coma
 * hyperparathyroidism; physiological effects
 * hyperpituitarism
 * Hypertension
 * hypertension (chronic, pregnancy-induced)
 * hyperthyroidism
 * hypokalemic periodic paralysis
 * hypoparathyroidism; postoperative manifestations and treatment
 * hypopituitarism, pituitary removal - substitution therapy
 * Hypothalamus, Pituitary; Thyroid; Parathyroid, Adrenal Medulla, Adrenal Cortex and Pancreas
 * hypothermia
 * hypothermia: etiology, prevention, treatment, complications (shivering, O2 consumption), prognosis

=I=


 * Immunosuppressive and Anti-Rejection Drugs
 * impact of hepatic disease
 * Impact of renal disease
 * impulse propagation
 * inappropriate ADH secretion
 * increased ICP, herniation
 * increased intracranial pressure: tumors, hematomas, hydrocephalus
 * Infection control
 * infections: hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), others
 * Influence of Anesthetic Technique on Labor
 * innervation; muscles; blood supply; cartilages
 * interaction with chronic drug therapy; interaction with anesthetic agents
 * interventional neuroradiology; coils and embolization
 * Intestinal Obstruction
 * intra or postoperative hypertension
 * intraaortic balloon: rationale, indications, limitations
 * intracardiac, pulmonary, venous
 * intracranial pressure
 * intraoperative management
 * intrapartum fetal assessment (fetal heart rate monitoring, fetal scalp blood gases, fetal pulse oximetry)
 * intrauterine surgery (maternal and fetal considerations, intrauterine fetal resuscitation)
 * Intravenous Fluid Therapy During Anesthesia: Water, Electrolyte, Glucose Requirements and Disposition, Crystalloid vs. Colloid
 * intubation and tube change adjuncts: bougies, jet stylettes, soft and rigid tube change devices; complications
 * Ion channel myotonias
 * Ischemic Heart Disease
 * IV Regional: Mechanism, Agents, Indications, Contraindications, Techniques, Complications

=J=


 * Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

=K=


 * Ketamine

=L=


 * Laboratory Evaluation
 * Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
 * Laparoscopic Surgery
 * Laryngospasm
 * Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)
 * larynx, trachea, and esophagus
 * Lasers, Laser Safety, Laser-Safe Endotracheal Tubes
 * latex allergy
 * lipids: triglycerides, lipoproteins, cholesterol
 * Liver (Albumin/Globulin Ratio, Protein Binding of Drugs)
 * Local Anesthetics
 * Lower Back Pain
 * lung mechanics
 * lung transplantation: anesthetic implications
 * lung volumes
 * lung volumes child vs. adult

=M=


 * Macro and Micro Current Hazards
 * Major Vascular Malformations: coarctation, persistent patent ductus arteriosus, vascular rings.
 * malignant hyperthermia
 * Malpractice: Definition, Legal Actions and Consequences, National Practitioner Database, Closed Claims Findings, Anesthetic Accidents, Professional Liability Insurance
 * management - drugs, defibrillators, monitors, Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) algorithms
 * management of bronchospasm: bronchodilator drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, acute and chronic management, perioperative management
 * management of respiratory failure
 * management of the patient with respiratory disease
 * massive transfusion: coagulopathies, hypothermia
 * maternal cardiopulmonary resuscitation
 * Maternal Physiology
 * Maternal-Fetal Circulation
 * measurement of ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio, implications of Alveolar-arterial O2 gradient (A-aDO2), arterial-Alveolar CO2 gradient (a-ADCO2), dead space to tidal volume ratio (Vd/Vt), shunt fraction (Qs/Qt), lung scan
 * mechanisms of drug metabolism and excretion, cytochrome P450
 * mechanisms of gas exchange
 * mechanisms of placental transfer, placental transfer of specific drugs
 * Mechanisms of Unconsiousness
 * Medication Errors: Assessment and Prevention
 * membrane potential; mechanism
 * Meninges: Epidural, Subdural and Subarachnoid Spaces
 * metabolic and circulatory effects
 * metabolic and circulatory effects, myxedema coma
 * metabolic and synthetic functions
 * Metabolism, Fluid Distribution and Renal Function
 * metabolism: substrates, aerobic and anaerobic
 * methemoglobinemia
 * methods of measurement
 * Microcirculation
 * minimally invasive bypass techniques
 * Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC), Factors Affecting MAC
 * mitochondrial myopathies
 * mixed venous oxygen tension and saturation
 * mode of ventilation: conventional mechanical ventilation, PEEP, CPAP, IMV, SIMV, pressure support, pressure control, high frequency ventilation (positive pressure, jet, oscillation), prone ventilation, BIPAP, airway pressure-release ventilation
 * Monitored Anesthesia Care and Sedation: ASA Guidelines for Sedation, Sedation Guidelines for Non-Anesthesiologists
 * monitoring, blood pressure management
 * Morbid Obesity/Anesthesia for Bariatric Surgery
 * morphology, effects of ischemia and anesthetics
 * morphology; receptors, receptor density
 * motor neuron diseases: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinobulbar muscular atrophy, hereditary spastic paraplegia
 * Multiple Gestation
 * multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
 * multiple sclerosis
 * muscarinic effects
 * muscle action; intrathoracic pressure; body position
 * Muscle Relaxants (Depolarizing, Non-Depolarizing)
 * Muscles of Respiration, Accessory Muscles
 * Muscular Dystrophy
 * Musculoskeletal: Muscular Dystrophies, Myotonias, etc.
 * musculoskeletal: muscular, skeletal, obesity, chest trauma
 * myasthenia gravis
 * Myasthenic syndromes
 * Myelomeningocele
 * myocardial contractility, measurement limitations
 * myocardial oxygen utilization
 * myocardial preservation: physiology, techniques, complications
 * myotonia congenita`

=N=


 * Nausea and Vomiting
 * Near-drowning
 * Nebulizers, Humidifiers, Drug Delivery Systems (Nitric Oxide, Others)
 * Necrotizing Enterocolitis
 * needle stick injury
 * Neonatal Lobar Emphysema
 * Neonatal Physiology
 * Nerve Stimulators and Residual Neuromuscular Blockade
 * neuraxial opioids
 * neurologic (seizures, myasthenia, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, subarachnoid hemorrhage)
 * Neurologic Consequences of Anesthesia: Confusion, Delirium, Cognitive Dysfunction, Failure to awaken
 * neurologic: CNS depression, spinal cord dysfunction, peripheral nervous system
 * neurological: pressure injuries of mask, tourniquet, body position, intraneural injections, retractors, peripheral neuropathies
 * neurolytic and non-neurolytic blocks
 * Neuromuscular and Synaptic Transmission
 * Neuromuscular Blockers in Children
 * Neuromuscular Blockers (Sensitivity, Congenital Diseases, Complications of Succinylcholine, Age-related and drug-related pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics)
 * Neuromuscular consequences: residual paralysis, muscle soreness, recovery of airway reflexes
 * Neuromuscular Function: Nerve Stimulators, Electromyography (EMG)
 * Neuromuscular junction
 * Neuromuscular transmission
 * neuropathic pain states
 * Neurosurgery: Craniotomies for tumor or vascular malformations, hydrocephalus, ventriculoperitoneal shunts, craniofacial procedures, tethered spinal cord, halo placement implications
 * nicotinic effects
 * Nitrous Oxide and Closed Spaces
 * nociception
 * nociceptors and nociceptive afferent neurons, wind-up phenomenon
 * Non-Adrenergic Vasoconstrictors: Vasopressin and Congeners
 * Non-circle systems: insufflation; open; semi-open
 * Non-Invasive Blood Pressure (BP) Measurement: Doppler, Oscillometry, Korotkoff Sounds, Palpation
 * non-respiratory functions of lungs: metabolic, immune
 * nonmalignant hyperthermia; complications, treatment
 * Non-neonatal Pediatric Subspecialty Surgery
 * nonventilatory respiratory management: O2 therapy and toxicity, tracheobronchial toilet, positive airway pressure, respiratory drugs
 * Normal Acid-Base Regulation: Buffer Systems; Compensatory Mechanisms; Effects of Imbalance on Electrolytes and Organ Perfusion; Strong Ionic Difference (SID); Anion Gap; Temperature Effect on Blood Gases: Alpha-stat vs. pH-stat
 * Normal Anatomy of Heart and Major Vessels
 * Normal Body Metabolism
 * normal ECG
 * nosocomial infections
 * NPO and full stomach status; implications for airway management, choice of anesthesia technique and induction of anesthesia; gastric emptying time; preoperative; full stomach and induction of anesthesia

=O=


 * O2 transport; O2 physical solubility; oxyhemoglobin (Hb-O2) saturation, Hb-O2 dissociation curve; 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), P50, respiratory enzymes; hemoglobin (Hb) as a buffer
 * obstructive disease
 * Office-Based Anesthesia: Equipment, Safety, Organization, Patient Management
 * Omphalocele/Gastroschisis
 * Operating Room Design & Set-Up
 * Operating Room Fires
 * Ophthalmologic: strabismus, cataract, glaucoma procedures, etc.
 * opioid antagonists, agonist-antagonists
 * Opioid and Non-Opioid Induction and Anesthetic Agents
 * Opioid dosing and sensitivity
 * Opioids
 * Organ Donation
 * Orthopedic Surgery Anesthetic Considerations
 * Orthopedic Surgery: Fractures and dislocations, congenital hip dysplasia, foot and hand malformations; scoliosis implications and repair
 * Otolaryngology Surgery: Anesthetic Considerations
 * Otolaryngology: Cleft lip and palate, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, common ear procedures, peritonsillar abscess, flexible and rigid bronchoscopy, diagnostic and therapeutic laryngoscopy techniques (jet ventilation, laser implications), airway foreign bodies
 * Outpatient Pediatric Anesthesia
 * Oxygen Supply Systems: FIO2
 * Oxygen: Oximetry, Co-oximetry, Pulse Oximetry, Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation (SvO2)
 * oxytocic drugs (indications, adverse effe
 * Oxygen Transport

=P=


 * Pacemakers
 * Pain Mechanisms and Pathways
 * pancreas transplantation
 * paracervical block, lumbar sympathetic block, pudendal block
 * paraplegia, quadriplegia, spinal shock, autonomic hyperreflexia
 * Parasympathetic Nervous System: Location of Ganglia, Vagal Reflex Pathways
 * parasympathetic: receptors; transmitters; synthesis; release; responses; termination of action
 * Parathyroid
 * parenchymal: asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, lung abscess, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, mediastinal masses
 * parenchymal: atelectasis, pneumonia, interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia
 * parenteral: peripheral or central vein, hyperalimentation, solutions used and complications, anesthetic implications
 * Pathophysiology Cancer Pain
 * pathophysiology of ischemia/hypoxia: global vs. focal, glucose effects, effects of brain trauma or tumors
 * Pathophysiology of Neuropathic pain
 * pathophysiology of renal disease; risk factors for acute renal failure
 * Pathophysiology of somatic pain conditions
 * patient addiction: anesthetic implications
 * Patient Privacy
 * Patient Safety
 * patient-controlled analgesia
 * pediatric and geriatric doses, routes of administration
 * Pediatric Anesthesia Outside the Operating Rooms: diagnostic and interventional radiologic procedures, gastroenterology laboratory, MRIs, radiation therapy
 * Pediatric Medical Problems With Anesthetic Implications
 * Pediatric sedation: Guidelines, pharmacology, credentialing, indications, monitoring, complications
 * pediatric/adult differences
 * perioperative diagnosis and treatment of ischemia; ECG, TEE
 * perioperative dysrhythmia: etiology, diagnosis, therapy
 * Perioperative electrolyte abnormalities
 * perioperative implications of pacemaker and AICD
 * perioperative oliguria and anuria
 * Peripheral and Autonomic Nerve Blocks: Indications, Contraindications, Techniques, Clinical Assessment, Complications, Use of Nerve Stimulators
 * peripheral arteriosclerotic disease
 * peripheral nerve blockade and catheters
 * peripheral nerve blocks
 * peripheral neuropathies (e.g., diabetic neuropathy)
 * peripheral nociceptors: transduction
 * peripheral: receptors and reflexes
 * persistent fetal circulation
 * phantom limb, post-stroke
 * Pharmacogenetics
 * Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Abnormal Responses
 * Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Protein Binding; Partition Coefficients; pKa; Ionization; Tissue Uptake; Compartmentalization and Exponential Models
 * pharmacokinetics of neuraxial drug administration: epidural and subarachnoid
 * pharmacologic prevention and treatment of renal failure: osmotic and loop-acting diuretics, low-dose dopamine, fenoldopam
 * pharmacologic: anticoagulants and antagonists
 * Pharmacological Implications, MAC Changes
 * pharmacological treatment of angina, thoracic epidural for angina, interventional cardiologic techniques
 * pharmacologically-assisted opioid withdrawal
 * Pharynx: Subdivisions; Innervation
 * pheochromocytoma
 * Phosphodiesterase III Inhibitors (Inodilators): Milrinone, Others
 * physical examination, airway evaluation
 * Physician Impairment and Disability
 * Physics of Anesthesia Machine Components: Connectors, Adaptors, Mask, Endotracheal Tube, Reservoir Bag Unidirectional Valves, Corrugated Breathing Tubes, Laryngeal Mask Airways, Airway Pressure Relief Valve
 * Physics of Anesthesia Machine Principles: Resistance, Turbulent Flow, Mechanical Deadspace, Rebreathing, Dilution, Leaks, Gas Mixtures, Humidity, Heat
 * physiological changes; fluid and electrolyte; respiratory
 * Physiological Implications: CNS, Circulatory, Respiratory, Renal, Hepatic
 * Physiology of Labor (Metabolism, Respiration, Cardiovascular, Thermoregulation)
 * physiology; etiology; risk factors, preventive strategies
 * Pierre-Robin
 * pituitary adenomas, trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy
 * Pituitary Disease
 * Placenta
 * placental blood flow
 * placental exchange - O2, CO2
 * Plastic and reconstructive surgery
 * pleural and mediastinal: pneumo-, hemo-, and chylothorax, pleural effusion, empyema, bronchopleural fistula
 * Poisoning and drug overdose
 * polycythemias; primary vs. secondary
 * Portable ventilation devices (self-reinflating, non-self-reinflating), non-rebreathing valves
 * positioning: prone, sitting, other, head stabilization in tongs
 * Positive Inotropes
 * postherpetic neuralgia
 * postjunctional components: muscle cell, acetylcholine receptor
 * postjunctional events: acetylcholine binding to acetylcholine receptors, ion flow through acetylcholine receptor
 * Postobstructive Pulmonary Edema
 * Post-Operative Pain
 * postoperative care: pain management, respiratory therapy, ventilator support, extubation criteria
 * Postoperative considerations: Recovery period, discharge criteria, post-discharge monitoring/follow-up
 * Postoperative Delirium in Elderly
 * postoperative epidural analgesia
 * postoperative hepatic dysfunction, hepatic failure, hepatorenal syndrome
 * postoperative management (ventilation, analgesia)
 * Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Risk Factors, Prophylaxis, Treatment
 * Post-partum complications
 * Practice Management; Medicare/Medicaid Requirements
 * pre- and postanesthetic medications
 * pre-anesthetic evaluation and management
 * pre-post capillary sphincter control
 * preeclampsia and eclampsia
 * prejunctional components: motor neurons, neuronal transport system, synaptic vesicles
 * prejunctional events: acetylcholine synthesis and release, modulation bynicotinic and muscarinic prejunctional receptors
 * Prematurity, Apnea of Prematurity
 * Premedication: Drugs; Dosage; Routes; Vehicles, Including Topical Anesthetics; Parental Presence
 * preoperative laboratory assessment
 * preoperative preparation: respiratory therapy, drug therapy (antibiotics, bronchodilators, mucolytics, steroids), tobacco smoking cessation (techniques to assist patients, benefits)
 * preparation for transfusion: type and cross, type and screen, uncrossmatched blood, autologous blood, designated donors
 * preservatives/additives
 * Pressure Measurement of Gases, Liquids
 * Pressure Transducers: Resonance, Damping
 * preterm labor
 * primary aldosteronism
 * Primary Certification, Recertification, Maintenance of Certification and Related Issues (Professional Standing, Lifelong Learning, Cognitive Knowledge, Clinical Practice Assessment, Systems-Based Practice)
 * Primary muscle diseases
 * Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
 * priming solutions, hemodilution
 * Principles of Doppler Ultrasound
 * Problems During Pregnancy and Delivery
 * Problems in Intubation and Extubation (Full Stomach, Diaphragmatic Hernia, Tracheo-esophageal (T-E) Fistula, Pierre-Robin, Treacher-Collins, Crouzon’s, Goldenhar’s, Hurler’s, Awake/Fiberoptic Intubation, Dentition, Laryngospasm, Stridor)
 * Problems of Term and Delivery
 * Professionalism and Credentialing, Licensure
 * Prolongation of Action
 * Prolongation of Action; Synergism
 * prolonged QT syndrome
 * Properties of Liquids, Gases, and Vapors
 * prophylactic cardiac risk reduction: beta-adrenergic blockers, etc.
 * prophylaxis with aminocaproic acid, tranexamic acid, and aprotinin
 * Propofol
 * pulmonary edema
 * Pulmonary Embolism
 * pulmonary function
 * pulmonary hypertension
 * pulmonary oxygen toxicity
 * pulmonary; transfusion-related acute lung injury
 * Pyloric Stenosis

=Q=

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=R=


 * radiographic: roentgenograms, CT, MRI
 * Radiological Anatomy for the Anesthesiology
 * reactions to transfusions
 * recognition
 * reflexes: afferent and efferent limbs
 * Regional Anesthesia; Main Nerve Blocks (includes techniques and comparisons of techniques)
 * Regional Blood Flow and Its Regulation
 * regional techniques
 * Regional Techniques: Caudal, Epidural, Nerve Blocks
 * Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
 * regulation of airway caliber
 * Regulation of Circulation and Blood Volume
 * regulation of ventilation
 * relation to blood chemistry and acid-base balance
 * relationship to hormones; insulin; human growth hormone, glucocorticoids; glucagon, epinephrine
 * Relative and Absolute Humidity
 * renal failure, arteriovenous (A-V) shunts
 * Renal Function Tests
 * renal transplantation
 * Reporting: Mandatory and Voluntary Systems, Legal Requirements
 * resistances; principles of gas flow measurement
 * Respiration: Lung Functions and Cellular Processes
 * Respiratory (Anatomy, Lung Volumes and Capacities, Oxygen Consumption, Ventilation, Blood Gases, Acid Base)
 * respiratory (asthma, respiratory failure)
 * respiratory center
 * Respiratory Consequences of Anesthesia and of Surgical Incisions
 * Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Etiology, Management, Ventilation Techniques
 * Respiratory: Upper Respiratory Infections (colds, epiglottitis, laryngotracheobronchitis), Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Cystic Fibrosis
 * restrictive disease
 * Resuscitation of Newborn
 * retained placenta
 * reticular activating system
 * Retinopathy of Prematurity: Anesthetic Implications
 * Rhythm Disorders and Conduction Defects
 * right or left ventricular dysfunction
 * risk factors; predictors of perioperative risk, modification of perioperative risk (e.g., prophylactic beta-blockers)
 * role in patients with allergies
 * routes: oral, subcutaneous (SC), transcutaneous, transmucosal, intramuscular (IM), intravenous (IV), including patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), epidural, spinal, interpleural, other regional techniques

=S=


 * sacral nerves: innervation of pelvic structures
 * Safety Features (Proportioning Devices, Rotameter Configuration, Pressure Fail-Safe)
 * Safety Practices: Process-based, Evidence-based
 * Safety Regulations; National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards
 * Second Gas Effect
 * seizures
 * sensory: somatosensory, visual, brainstem auditory
 * septic shock and life-threatening infection
 * Shock states
 * Simple Math: Logarithms; Graph of Simple Equations; Exponential Function, Analysis of Biologic Curves
 * sites of actions
 * Skeletal abnormalities with or without systemic implications : Klippel-Feil, Achondroplasia, Marfan’s, Morquio’s, Osteogenesis imperfect
 * Skeletal Muscle Contractions; Depolarization, Role of Calcium, Actin/Myosin; Energy Source and Release
 * sleep, convulsions; O2 and CO2; hypothermia; brain death
 * social, vocational and psychological influences on pain perception
 * Solubility Coefficients
 * somatic pain conditions: myofascial pain, facet arthropathy, etc.
 * Source of Ignition; Static
 * specific organ metabolism (brain, heart, liver, muscle)
 * specific problems in disease states: hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, drug abuse, glaucoma, uremia, increased CSF pressure, chronic steroid ingestion, obesity, depression, COPD, hypertension
 * spinal and epidural analgesia
 * spinal and supraspinal neurotransmission and modulation; opioid receptors
 * spinal cord tracts
 * spinal fluid drainage
 * spinal nerves (level of exit, covering, sensory distribution)
 * spinal reflexes
 * Spinal, Epidural, Caudal, Combined Spinal/Epidural
 * spine: epidural (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, caudal, transforaminal), spinal (subarachnoid), combined spinal-epidural, facet
 * spirometry; static and dynamic volumes; deadspace; nitrogen washout, O2 uptake, CO2 production, exercise testing
 * spontaneous abortion
 * Stages and Signs of Anesthesia; Awareness Under Anesthesia
 * static and dynamic compliance, pleural pressure gradient, flow-volume loops and hysteresis, surfactant, LaPlace law
 * Statistics: Sample and Population; Probability; Mean, Median, and Mode; Standard Deviation and Error; T-Test; Chi-Square; Regression Analysis/Correlation; Analysis of Variance, Power Analysis, Meta-Analysis, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Risk Ratio
 * stereotactic and gamma-knife techniques, deep brain stimulator placement, intra-operative wake-up techniques
 * structure and relationships in neck and chest
 * subacute bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis
 * subcortical areas: basal ganglia, hippocampus, internal capsule, cerebellum, brain stem, reticular activating system
 * substance abuse and addiction; dependence
 * supine hypotensive syndrome
 * sympathetic nerve blocks
 * Sympathetic Nervous System: Ganglia, Rami Communicantes, Sympathetic Chain
 * sympathetic: receptors; transmitters, synthesis; storage; release; responses; termination of action
 * synapse; transmitters, precursors, ions, termination of action, transmission characteristics, presynaptic and postsynaptic functions
 * synchronicity of pressure, flow, ECG, sounds, valve action
 * synthetic and recombinant hemoglobins
 * systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, viscosity
 * systemic effects of hypercarbia and hypocarbia
 * systemic effects of hyperoxia and hypoxemia
 * systemic inflammatory response syndrome
 * Systemic Medications and Routes of Administration, Multimodal Therapy
 * systemic medications, tolerance and addiction
 * systemic medications: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioid analgesics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants
 * systemic medications: opioids, sedatives, inhalational agents
 * systemic toxicity, test dose
 * systolic and diastolic function
 * systolic vs. diastolic dysfunction
 * systolic, diastolic, mean, and perfusion pressures

=T=

= =
 * target organ effects; metabolic effects
 * techniques and pharmacology of resuscitation
 * techniques for managing airway: awake vs. asleep, use vs. avoidance of muscle relaxants, drug selection, retrograde intubation techniques, ASA Difficult Airway Algorithm
 * Techniques: Inhalational, Total Intravenous, Combined Inhalational/Intravenous
 * TEE
 * temperature regulating centers; concept of set point
 * TENS, Spinal Cord Stimulators, Neuroablation
 * tetanus
 * therapeutic barbiturate coma
 * Thermal Regulation (Neutral Temperature, Nonshivering Thermogenesis)
 * Thoracic and pulmonary surgery, one-lung ventilation, thoracoscopic techniques, lung transplantation
 * Thoracic Surgery: Anterior mediastinal mass, lung isolation techniques, pectus excavatum and carinatum
 * thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathy
 * Thyroid Disease
 * thyroid storm
 * tocolytic drugs (indications, adverse effects)
 * tolerance and tachyphylaxis
 * Topographic Anatomy of the Chest
 * Topographic Anatomy of the Chest and Back
 * Topographic Anatomy of the Extremities
 * Topographic Anatomy of the Neck
 * Toxicity: Compound A, carbon monoxide
 * Trace Concentrations, OR Pollution, Personnel Hazards
 * Trachea
 * tracheobronchial: congenital, infectious, neoplastic, traumatic, foreign body
 * Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia
 * tranquilizers: butyrophenones; benzodiazepines
 * transcutaneous or surgical airway: tracheostomy, cricothyroidotomy, translaryngeal or transtracheal jet ventilation
 * Transducers
 * transfusions
 * transmitters and types of receptors
 * Trauma
 * Trisomy 21 and other chromosomal abnormalities

=U=


 * Ultrasound
 * Ultrasound-Guided Placement of Invasive Catheters (Arterial, Central Venous) and Nerve Blocks
 * umbilical cord blood gas measurements
 * upper airway, epistaxis
 * upper airway: congenital, infectious, neoplastic, traumatic, foreign body, obstructive sleep apnea
 * upper extremity/brachial plexus
 * Upper Respiratory Infections
 * Uptake and Distribution of Inhalation Agents
 * Uptake and Elimination Curves; Effect of Ventilation, Circulation, Anesthetic Systems
 * Urologic Surgery - Lithotripsy, Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP)/Irrigating Fluids/Hyponatremia
 * use of antacids, histamine-2 (H2) blockers, metoclopramide, transdermal scopolamine, droperidol, serotonin antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, dexamethasone, multimodal therapy, acupressure/acupuncture

=V=

= =
 * vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC)
 * Valvular Disease
 * Vapor Pressure
 * Vaporizer Types and Safety Features
 * vascular compliance/venous capacitance; controlling factors
 * Vascular Diseases
 * Vascular Pressures: Arterial (Invasive/Noninvasive Differences), Central Venous (CVP), Pulmonary Arterial (PAP), Pulmonary Artery Occlusion (PAOP), Left Atrial (LAP), Left Ventricular End-Diastolic (LVEDP)
 * vascular; arterial and venous thrombosis; thrombophlebitis; sheared catheter, intra-arterial injections, air embolism, cardiac/vascular perforations, pulmonary artery rupture
 * Vasodilators: Nitroprusside, Nitroglycerin, Hydralazine, Nesiratide, Calcium Channel Blockers, Others
 * VATS: Anesthetic Management of VATS
 * Venous Return
 * ventilation - perfusion
 * Ventilation: Respirometers, Inspiratory Force, Spirometry, Flow-Volume Loops
 * Ventilator Modes: Assistors, Controllers, Assist-Control; Pressure-Limited, Volume-Limited; FIO2 Control; Periodic Sigh, Inverse Ratio, High Frequency Ventilation, Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV), Synchronized IMV, Pressure Support, Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV), Pediatric Adaptation, Non-Invasive Techniques: Biphasic Positive Airway Pressure (BIPAP)
 * Ventilator Monitors; Pressure (Plateau, Peak), Oxygen, Apnea, Inspiratory/Expiratory Ratio, Dynamic Compliance, Static Compliance
 * ventilatory management
 * ventricular assist devices and artificial heart: internal and external
 * Ventricular Function
 * ventriculostomy
 * Viscosity-Density; Laminar-Turbulent Flow
 * viscosity; rheology
 * vocal cords, positions with paralysis

=W=


 * Warming devices: types, efficacy, complications
 * Waste Gas Evacuation Systems
 * Water and Electrolytes: Distribution and Balance; Compartments
 * wave patterns, frequency and amplitude, raw and processed, spectral edge
 * work of breathing
 * World Health Organization analgesic ladder

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